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Small business owners sometimes have an enviable opportunity to save on tax. They rightfully look for every loophole to which they are entitled to save money on taxes by deducting various business expenses. But, some choose to take it a bit further.
They engage in more aggressive tactics to mitigate their overall income tax burden by shifting personal expenses over to the business.
Gray areas
Sometimes these tactics are advanced by the business owner’s own CPA to liberally interpret tax code deductions. Most understand the potential tax repercussions of improper deductions – the IRS coming for taxes due. But, in addition to IRS woes from playing in a gray area for deductions, the business owner might simultaneously be increasing his or her personal legal liability to potential creditors.
Let’s look at an example. Assume small business owner David wants to minimize taxes. He might use his company card to pay for gas for his personal vehicle or even completely write off a personal use vehicle. He might pay for the family vacation to Hawaii under the auspices of business travel to “look for business opportunities” in the aloha state. He might pay his home utilities with business funds because he sometimes works out of the home. He might buy new computers as a business expense when really the connection to business work is weak at best.
Dubious deductions
All of these examples might be legitimate business expenses, or they might be characterized as personal expenses. Assume for the sake of the example that the expenses fall on the personal side.
Now, because the business has so many deductions, it has little to no income (on which to pay taxes) but also little to no assets (with which to pay valid claims) because so much has been pushed through to the owner through dubious deductions.
Assume then that a creditor sues the small business for $1 million for a valid claim. The attorney for the small business defends by asserting: (1) the small business is an entity recognized in Washington, so the owner has no personal liability; and (2) the company has no assets with which to pay the claim.
Typically, a creditor has no recourse against the owner of a corporation for corporate debts. It is at this point that the creditor attempts to disregard the corporate protections and go after the owner’s personal assets.
Legal protections
Many small businesses opt to incorporate or become a limited liability company.
Notice how often “Inc.” and “LLC” pop up at the end of business names. To become a legally recognized entity like a corporation or a limited liability company (LLC) means something very important to the business owner. It means the owner obtains legal protection from personal liability.
Corporations and LLCs are “an ingenious device for obtaining individual profit without individual responsibility,” according to the American writer Ambrose Bierce. But, in some circumstances, individuals can be held responsible for the corporation’s actions (and debts).
Piercing the veil
The legal concept that would allow a business owner to lose liability protection is referred to as “piercing the corporate veil,” and it can allow the court to disregard the liability protection and allow creditors to seek recompense from the personal coffers of the business owner. The concept was developed over time and made applicable to both corporations as well as LLCs. RCW 2.5.15.061. It disallows liability protection where the business owner misuses the corporate form of business.
Veil piercing is warranted when the business owner commingles “his personal affairs with those of the corporation such as to warrant imposition of personal liability.” (Nw. Cascade, Inc. v. Unique Constr., Inc., No. 71061-3-I (Wash. App. Mar 31, 2014) citing McCombs Const., Inc. v. Barnes, 645 P.2d 1131, 32 Wn.App. 70 (Wash. App. 1982).)
Back to the example above. If the creditor can prove that the business owner commingled his personal affairs with the business’ corporate affairs (as suggested in the facts) thus causing harm to the creditor (i.e., lack of funds in the company to pay creditor), that creditor might be able to pierce the corporate veil of David’s company and seek to collect from David’s personal assets.
The risks are high when playing fast and loose with corporate governance rules. Get your CPA and attorney on the same page as you explore gray area deductions to best protect your business from the possibility of a creditor piercing your corporate veil.
Beau Ruff, a licensed attorney and certified financial planner, is the director of planning at Cornerstone Wealth Strategies, a full-service independent investment management and financial planning firm in Kennewick.
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