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A state-of-the-art laser communication system has been used on a NASA spaceship, located 31 million kilometres away, to send a high-definition cat video to Earth.

The 15-second film featuring an orange tabby named Taters is the first to be streamed from deep space. 

Its successful reception demonstrates that sending the higher-data-rate communications needed to support complex missions such as sending humans to Mars, is possible.

The video was beamed to Earth using a laser transceiver on the Psyche probe. 

The vessel is journeying to the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter to explore a mysterious metal-rich object. When the video was sent, the spaceship was 80 times the distance between the Earth and the Moon.

The encoded near-infrared signal was received by the Hale Telescope at Caltech’s Palomar Observatory in San Diego County, and from there sent to NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Southern California.

“One of the goals is to demonstrate the ability to transmit broadband video across millions of miles. Nothing on Psyche generates video data, so we usually send packets of randomly generated test data,” said Bill Klipstein, the tech demo’s project manager at JPL.

“But to make this significant event more memorable, we decided to work with designers at JPL to create a fun video, which captures the essence of the demo as part of the Psyche mission.”

Space missions have traditionally relied on radio waves to send and receive data, but working with lasers can increase the data rate by 10 to 100 times.

The ultra-HD video took 101 seconds to send to Earth at the system’s maximum bit rate of 267 megabits per second — faster than most home broadband connections.

“In fact, after receiving the video at Palomar, it was sent to JPL over the internet, and that connection was slower than the signal coming from deep space,” said Ryan Rogalin, the project’s receiver electronics lead at JPL.

So why a cat video?

First, there’s the historic connection, said JPL. When American interest in television began growing in the 1920s, a statue of Felix the Cat was broadcast to serve as a test image.

And while dog’s may claim the title of man’s best friend, few can dispute cats number-one position when it comes to internet videos and meme culture.

Uploaded before launch, the clip shows Tabby, the pet of a JPL employee, chasing a laser light on a couch, with test graphics overlayed. These include Psyche’s orbital path and technical information about the laser and its data bit rate.

While laser transmission has been demonstrated in low Earth orbit and as far away as the Moon, the Psyche mission is the first time it’s been deployed in deep space. Aiming a laser beam from millions of miles away requires extremely precise “pointing,” a major technical hurdle engineering teams had to solve.

The technology demonstration even needs to compensate for the fact that in the time it takes for light to travel from the spacecraft to Earth, both the probe and the planet will have moved — so the uplink and downlink lasers need to adjust for the change accordingly.