Italy country profile – BBC News

Take the art works of Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Tintoretto and Caravaggio, the operas of Verdi and Puccini, the cinema of Federico Fellini, add the architecture of Venice, Florence and Rome and you have just a fraction of Italy’s treasures from over the centuries.

While the country is renowned for these and other delights, it is also notorious for its precarious political life, and has had several dozen governments since the end of World War Two.

Italy’s political landscape underwent a seismic shift in the early 1990s when the “mani pulite” (“clean hands”) operation exposed corruption at the highest levels of politics and big business.

Several former prime ministers were implicated and thousands of businessmen and politicians were investigated.

There were high hopes at the time that the scandal would give rise to a radical reform of Italian political culture, but these hopes were dashed when the old structures were replaced by a new political landscape dominated by the multi-millionaire businessman Silvio Berlusconi, who himself became increasingly mired in scandals and corruption affairs.

More recently, populist parties have made the political running, and in 2022 Italy elected its first far-right led government since 1945.

President: Sergio Mattarella

Sergio Mattarella, a constitutional court judge and veteran centre-left politician, was elected president by parliament in 2015 to succeed Giorgio Napolitano, who stepped down due to old age.

He was little known to the general public, but is a respected figure in political circles after a 25-year parliamentary career and several stints as minister in governments of left and right.

Prime minister: Georgia Meloni

Giorgia Meloni became Italy’s female prime minister in October 2022 at the head of a coalition including her right-wing populist Brothers of Italy party, the far-right League and ex-prime minister Silvio Berlusconi’s Forza Italia.

A year before her election, in a widely-quoted speech she said: “Yes to the natural family, no to the LGBT lobby, yes to sexual identity, no to gender ideology… no to Islamist violence, yes to secure borders, no to mass migration… no to big international finance… no to the bureaucrats of Brussels!”

Nevertheless, the new prime minister has promised to govern “for everyone”.

She has sought to assure allies in Nato and the EU that there will be no foreign policy changes. An important point as both Matteo Salvini who heads the League and the late Silvio Berlusconi have been admirers of Russia’s Vladimir Putin.

She used her maiden speech to MPs to stress her aim to halt migrant boats crossing the Mediterranean. “We must stop illegal departures and human trafficking,” she said, repeating a campaign pledge to stop boats heading to Italy from North Africa.

For years Italy has been a hub for irregular migrants heading for Europe.

Italy’s heady blend of politics and media has often made headlines at home and abroad, with concern regularly being expressed over the concentration of media ownership in the hands of one man – former prime minister Silvio Berlusconi.

Mr Berlusconi’s Mediaset empire operates Italy’s top private TV stations, and the public broadcaster Rai has traditionally been subject to political influence, so when Mr Berlusconi was prime minister he was able to exert tight control over both public and private broadcasting.

Between them, Rai and Mediaset dominate Italy’s TV market and are a potentially powerful political tool, especially as 80% of the population is said to rely on television for its daily news – the highest percentage in the EU.

Key events in modern Italy’s history:

1861– The unification of Italy, also known as the Risorgimento, sees the consolidation of different states of the peninsula into a single state under King Victor Emmanuel II.

1871 – Unification is completed by the capture of Rome and its designation as the capital of the modern state of Italy.

1915 – Italy enters World War One on side of Allies.

1919 – Italy gains Trentino, South Tyrol and Trieste from Austria-Hungary under the post-war peace treaties.

1922 – Fascist leader Benito Mussolini forms government after three years of political and economic unrest, then establishes authoritarian system.

1935 – Italy invades Ethiopia.

1936 – Benito Mussolini forms an alliance with Nazi Germany.

1939 – Italy annexes Albania.

1940 – Italy enters World War Two on German side. Italian forces occupy British Somaliland in East Africa.

1940-41 – British and allied forces drive Italian troops out of East Africa

1943 – Sicily and then mainland Italy is invaded by the Allies. Benito Mussolini overthrown, and an armistice is signed with Allies. Italy declares war on Germany.

1945 – Axis forces in Italy surrender. Benito Mussolini, who had been rescued from prison by Germans in 1943 to set up a puppet fascist state in northern Italy, is captured and executed by Italian partisans.

1946 – Referendum votes for republic to replace monarchy.

1947 – Italy cedes land and territories under peace treaty.

1948 – New constitution. Christian Democrats win elections.

1951 – Italy joins European Coal and Steel Community, the forerunner of the EEC.

1957 – Italy is a founder member of the European Economic Community (EEC) now European Union.

1970s – Italy experiences a decade of political violence from the left and right.

1978 – Former Prime Minister Aldo Moro is kidnapped and murdered by left-wing armed group, the Red Brigades. Abortion legalised.

1980 – Bombing of Bologna station kills 84, linked to right-wing extremists.

1983 – Bettino Craxi becomes Italy’s first Socialist prime minister since World War Two.

1984 – Roman Catholicism loses status as state religion.

1992 – Revelations of high level corruption spark several years of arrests and investigations. Top anti-Mafia prosecutor, Giovanni Falcone, his wife and three bodyguards killed in car bomb attack.

1994 – Media magnate Silvio Berlusconi forms first right-wing government after the “clean hands” scandal sweeps away the previous political elite.

2001 – First constitutional referendum since 1946 sees vote in favour of major change giving greater autonomy to the country’s regions in tax, education and environment policies.

2002 – Italy adopts the Euro.

2006 – Italy’s most-wanted man, the suspected head of the Sicilian mafia Bernardo Provenzano, is captured by police.

2022 – Giorgia Meloni becomes country’s first female prime minister and leader of Italy’s most right-wing led government since 1945.