There’s a looming problem with the auto industry’s grand EV plans.

Automakers are spending huge sums to bring a slew of new electric vehicles to market over the next few years. Ford Motor alone expects to spend more than $50 billion through 2026 to ramp up EV production around the world. General Motors said it will spend $35 billion through 2025, and Volkswagen said it expects to spend almost $200 billion on EVs and related software through 2028.

But Americans are still hesitant to buy in, and largely because of concerns around charging.

Survey after survey has shown that worries about charging — specifically, public charging — is holding buyers back from electric vehicles.

A June study by Cox Automotive found that 32% of consumers who were considering an EV cited a “lack of charging stations in my area” as a barrier to purchase. A Consumer Reports study in April found that “charging logistics” and “purchase price” were the two biggest factors holding consumers back. And an April poll by the Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago and the Associated Press-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research found that 47% of U.S. adults said it’s not likely they would buy an EV as their next car, with nearly 80% saying that a lack of charging stations was a factor.

Despite the United Auto Workers’ concerns about Detroit’s transition to EVs, and the union’s ongoing strike, there’s a groundswell forming to expand and improve the U.S. charging landscape. President Joe Biden has pushed the issue, working with Congress to deliver major incentives to improve public charging, and rival automakers have struck rare partnerships to help establish a single charging standard and reduce pain points for EV drivers.

But the question remains, how long — and how severely — will charging hamper the EV revolution, right as its finally picking up steam?

Public charging stations aren’t quite like gas stations, in the sense that many EV owners only use them occasionally. Most EV owners do most of their charging at home, with a Level 2 home charger provided by the automaker or a third party.

That won’t work for everyone, of course. And even EV owners who charge at home use public chargers on occasion.

Some EV motorists charge at work. Workplaces that have employee parking often have chargers available, as do a growing number of hotels, shopping centers and other places where people might park an EV for a few hours.

Often called “destination chargers,” these charge at rates similar to what you’d get with home chargers, adding around 35 miles of range per hour. You may need an app from a charging company to use them, but the process is mostly painless — assuming the chargers are working.

Destination chargers can be a great way to add some range if you’re planning to be parked for a while. But on a road trip, you’ll want a fast charger.

Modern fast chargers deliver much more power to your car’s battery than the chargers that most EV drivers use at home or work, enough to charge your car to 80% in roughly half an hour, more or less.

While the cost of fast-charging varies with time of day and location, it’s usually cheaper than a tank of gas.

And though Tesla drivers have it relatively easy, finding a charger that works with other EVs away from home — and specifically, finding one that is working — can be a frustrating experience.

CCS charging operators like ChargePoint and EVgo have recently begun taking major steps to improve the “up time” of their chargers, or the percentage of time the charger is available for use.

But the reliability issue remains a big one. In a study last year, researchers at the University of California at Berkeley checked 675 CCS fast chargers in the Bay Area and found that almost a quarter of them weren’t functional. More recently, an August 2023 study by JD Power found that customer satisfaction with public CCS chargers — both destination chargers and fast chargers — has fallen sharply over the last few years, with reliability ranking as a key issue.

“The reliability of public chargers continues to be a problem,” said Brent Gruber, who leads JD Power’s EV practice. “The situation is stuck at a level where one of every five visits ends without charging, the majority of which are due to station outages.”

Notably, that JD Power study also found customer satisfaction with Tesla’s proprietary fast-charging network to be much higher than the CCS alternatives.

Not to mention, there are fewer than 12,000 CCS fast chargers across the U.S. today.

Tesla has begun bringing its rivals into the fold.

The EV leader and Ford surprised the automotive world in May when they announced they had struck a deal to give Ford EV owners access to more than 12,000 Tesla superchargers in the U.S. and Canada starting in early 2024.

Meanwhile, progress is being made on formalizing the NACS plug design as an industry standard. SAE International, which sets key engineering standards for the auto industry, said on June 27 that it’s working on official performance and safety standards for NACS charging plugs and that it expects to issue them within six months.

Charging networks and charger manufacturers are also responding. EVgo said in June that it will start deploying NACS connectors on the high-speed chargers in its U.S. network later this year. ABB, a Swiss maker of industrial equipment including commercial EV chargers, said on June 9 that it will offer NACS plugs as an option on its chargers as soon as testing and validation of the new connector is complete, likely in a few months.

And ChargePoint, which installs and manages chargers for other businesses, said its clients can now order new chargers with NACS connectors and that it can retrofit its existing chargers with the Tesla-designed connectors as well.