The appetite for postponement was evident during a meeting of economic and finance ministers in Luxembourg on Tuesday.

Upon arrival, representatives said the diverging views around the table were still too far from each other, dashing any hopes for a breakthrough.

Safeguards on debt reduction and exemptions for strategic investments are considered the main stumbling blocks, although talks are complex and replete with nuances.

Spain, the current holder of the Council of the EU’s presidency and moderator of the talks, has set its sights on the next ministering meeting, scheduled for 9 November, where the country intends to table a compromise text that could satisfy all sides.

“Issues are becoming clearer. We’re becoming more focused,” said Nadia Calviño, Spain’s acting minister for economy and digitalisation.

“We will continue working relentlessly between now and the end of the year in the spirit of consensus to reach a balanced agreement before the end of the year. Our ambitions are high but so are the stakes.”

Calviño noted that, while debt-reduction safeguards and investment incentives were the “crucial” points of friction, the different pieces of the puzzle needed to be understood as a whole and that “nothing is agreed until everything is agreed.”

The clock, however, is ticking. The bloc has self-imposed a deadline to wrap up the reform, which consists of three interlinked legislative files, before the end of the year.

The fiscal rules have been exceptionally suspended since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic and the European Commission intends to re-activate them on 1 January.

If the negotiations fail to conclude the reform, the rules will likely return to their previous version, which could entail painful sacrifices for highly indebted countries.

“We need to bring public finances back on track, preserve their sustainably and provide enough space for investment,” said Valdis Dombrovskis, the European Commission’s executive vice-president, who spoke next to Calviño after the ministerial meeting.

“In the meantime, fiscal policy needs to stay prudent, there’s little room for complacency with the current outlook,” he added, referring to bloc’s sluggish economic performance.

A complicated reform

The ongoing discussions are meant to overhaul the EU’s long-standing fiscal rules, officially known as the Stability and Growth Pact, and adapt them to the rapidly changing economic landscape of the 21st century.

Under the current framework, member states are required to keep their budget deficits under 3% of gross domestic product (GDP) and their public debt levels below 60% in relation to GDP — thresholds that many governments exceed after years of intense spending to cushion a succession of overlapping crises.

In the legislative proposal presented in late April, the European Commission kept untouched the 3% and 60% targets but made significant alterations to the way in which the two figures should be met.

Each member state would be asked to design a mid-term fiscal plan to cut down its deficit and debt levels at a sustainable and credible pace. The country-specific blueprints would be negotiated between the European Commission and the capitals, and later approved by the EU Council.

The fiscal adjustments necessary to meet – or at least head towards – the 3% and 60% targets would be carried out over a period of four years, extendable to seven in exchange for further reforms.

This renewed focus on national ownership and flexibility has been welcomed by indebted countries like France, Italy, Spain and Portugal, who face an arduous task to sanitise their finances and therefore advocate for greater room for manoeuvre.

“We should never forget these new (rules) are only a tool for a political goal. And the political goal is to have more productivity, more growth, more jobs for all European countries,” Bruno Le Maire, France’s economy minister, said on Tuesday.

But the push for greater flexibility has raised the suspicions of frugal-minded states, such as Germany, the Netherlands, Austria and Denmark, who fear governments would be granted excessive leeway to rein in their public finances.

This group is pushing to include numerical safeguards that would reinforce equal treatment for all member states, regardless of their starting point, and ensure an across-the-board reduction in debt and deficit levels every year.

“For us, (the) reduction of debt-to-GDP ratio and the annual deficits are connected. It’s not credible to seek lower debt levels without sustainable annual deficits,” said Christian Lindner, Germany’s finance minister.

Another divisive issue is an Italian demand to establish a so-called “golden rule,” which would exempt strategic investments in fields like the green transition, cutting-edge technology and defence from the deficit and debt computations.

This idea is frontally opposed by the German-led coalition because, they say, it could open the doors for too many concessions and weaken the credibility of the rules.

“We’re listening carefully to the discussion of member states and are open to discuss new possibilities,” said Dombrovskis. “But what we hear from these discussions, now, as it was also (the case) at the time the Commission put forward the proposal, there is nowhere near consensus on the so-called golden rule.”